Forest fires are among the most significant natural and human-induced disturbances affecting terrestrial ecosystems. While fire is a natural ecological process in many forest environments, increasing frequency and intensity due to climate change, deforestation, and anthropogenic activities have transformed forest fires into major environmental hazards. They have profound impacts on the atmosphere, hydrosphere, lithosphere, biosphere, and human society, making them an important subject in geographical studies. One of the most immediate environmental impacts of forest fires is the destruction of vegetation. Fires consume trees, shrubs, grasses, and other plant species, leading to a significant reduction in forest cover. This destruction affects biodiversity by eliminating habitats for wildlife and reducing the availability of food and shelter. Rare and endemic plant species are often unable to recover quickly, while slow-growing trees may require decades to regenerate. Repeated fires may permanently alter the composition and structure of forest ecosystems. Forest fires also have severe effects on wildlife. Many animals die directly from burns or smoke inhalation, while others