Industrial and chemical hazards are human-induced disasters resulting from the manufacture, storage, transportation, and disposal of hazardous substances. These hazards have increased significantly with rapid industrialization, urbanization, and the expansion of chemical-based industries. Industrial accidents involving toxic gases, explosions, fires, radiation, and hazardous waste can cause severe environmental degradation, loss of human life, and long-term socio-economic impacts. In geography, these disasters are studied in relation to spatial distribution of industries, environmental vulnerability, land-use planning, and disaster risk management. The causes of industrial and chemical hazards are varied and often interrelated. Human error remains one of the most common causes, including negligence, inadequate training, improper handling of chemicals, and violation of safety protocols. Mechanical failures such as malfunctioning equipment, corrosion of storage tanks, pipeline leakage, and electrical faults can trigger accidents. Poor maintenance of industrial plants increases the likelihood of catastrophic failures. Technological failures resulting from outdated