Pulse and heart rate are important physiological indicators used in physiological anthropology to assess cardiovascular function, physical fitness, adaptation, and health status among individuals and populations. The pulse represents the rhythmic expansion of arteries produced by the contraction of the heart, whereas heart rate refers to the number of heartbeats occurring per minute. Measurement of pulse and heart rate provides information about the efficiency of the cardiovascular system and the body’s response to physical activity, environmental conditions, age, and lifestyle factors. The measurement of pulse begins with preparing the individual for assessment. The person should be in a relaxed position, preferably sitting or lying down, to avoid temporary changes caused by physical activity or emotional stress. The examiner should ensure that the individual has rested for a few minutes before taking the measurement. A stopwatch or clock with a second hand is required for accurate counting of pulse beats. The most