Determinism, Possibilism and Neo-Determinism are three major approaches in Human Geography that explain the relationship between humans and the natural environment. They differ mainly in the extent to which they consider nature, human agency and technological development responsible for shaping human life and geographical patterns. Environmental Determinism is one of the earliest approaches. It argues that the physical environment, including climate, relief, soils, vegetation and availability of water, strongly determines human activities, culture, economy and social development. Thinkers such as Friedrich Ratzel, Ellen Churchill Semple and Ellsworth Huntington contributed to this perspective. For example, climatic conditions were used to explain differences in human productivity, settlement patterns and economic activities. Determinism highlighted the importance of geographical conditions and challenged the idea that human societies could be studied independently of nature. However, it has been strongly criticised for being environmentally reductionist. It often treats humans as passive recipients of environmental influences and neglects culture, technology, historical circumstances, political institutions and human creativity. Some