Question
संगठनात्मक व्यवहार के ऐतिहासिक पूर्ववृत्त
Answer :
Word Count : 1238
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संगठनात्मक व्यवहार का विकास किसी एक सिद्धांत या एक विचारक के योगदान का परिणाम नहीं है, बल्कि यह प्रबंधन, मनोविज्ञान, समाजशास्त्र, मानवशास्त्र, राजनीति विज्ञान तथा अर्थशास्त्र जैसे विभिन्न सामाजिक विज्ञानों के संयुक्त योगदान से विकसित हुआ है। संगठनात्मक व्यवहार के ऐतिहासिक पूर्ववृत्त का अध्ययन यह स्पष्ट करता है कि किस प्रकार समय के साथ संगठनों में कार्य करने वाले व्यक्तियों के व्यवहार, उनकी प्रेरणा, नेतृत्व, समूह-गतिशीलता तथा संगठनात्मक संस्कृति को समझने की आवश्यकता महसूस की गई। औद्योगिक क्रांति संगठनात्मक व्यवहार के विकास का पहला महत्वपूर्ण ऐतिहासिक आधार मानी जाती है। अठारहवीं और उन्नीसवीं शताब्दी में मशीनों के उपयोग, बड़े कारखानों की स्थापना तथा उत्पादन के विस्तार ने कार्यस्थलों की प्रकृति को बदल दिया। इस समय मुख्य ध्यान उत्पादन बढ़ाने, लागत घटाने तथा श्रमिकों से अधिकतम कार्य लेने पर था। श्रमिकों को उत्पादन के साधन के रूप में देखा जाता था और उनके सामाजिक तथा मनोवैज्ञानिक पक्षों की अपेक्षाकृत उपेक्षा की जाती थी। यही परिस्थितियाँ आगे चलकर संगठनात्मक व्यवहार के विकास का आधार बनीं। वैज्ञानिक प्रबंधन आंदोलन का नेतृत्व फ्रेडरिक विन्सलो टेलर ने किया। उन्होंने कार्य को वैज्ञानिक ढंग से करने, समय एवं गति अध्ययन, कार्य-विभाजन, मानकीकरण तथा उचित मजदूरी प्रणाली पर बल दिया। टेलर का उद्देश्य उत्पादन क्षमता बढ़ाना और कार्यकुशलता में सुधार करना था। यद्यपि उनके दृष्टिकोण में मानवीय भावनाओं और सामाजिक आवश्यकताओं को सीमित महत्व दिया गया, फिर भी उन्होंने यह सिद्ध किया कि कार्यस्थल पर कर्मचारियों के व्यवहार का अध्ययन उत्पादन को प्रभावित करता है। वैज्ञानिक प्रबंधन ने संगठनात्मक व्यवहार के विकास के लिए आधार
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