Question
Write Short notes on the following. Each question carries 5 marks.
a) Positivism
b) Hartshorne-Schaefer Debate
c) Meaning of Space
d) Spatial Science
e) Social production of nature
f) Post-Structural Geography
Answer :
Word Count : 515
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Skip in 10
Positivism is a philosophical approach that emphasizes the use of scientific methods, empirical observation, and measurable facts for understanding reality. In geography, positivism became influential during the quantitative revolution of the 1950s and 1960s. It encouraged geographers to develop general laws, models, and theories by applying statistical techniques and mathematical methods. Positivist geography focused on objectivity, prediction, and explanation of spatial patterns. However, it was criticised for ignoring human values, emotions, cultural differences, and the subjective experiences of individuals and societies. The Hartshorne-Schaefer Debate was a major methodological debate in geography during the mid-twentieth century. Richard Hartshorne supported the regional approach and argued that geography was concerned with the study of areal differentiation, focusing on the uniqueness of regions. He believed that geography should describe and analyse the arrangement of phenomena in different areas. Fred K. Schaefer criticised Hartshorne’s approach, arguing that geography should not only describe unique regions
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