Structuralism and structuration are two influential theoretical approaches that have significantly shaped advances in geographical thought by providing deeper insights into the relationship between society, space, and human behavior. These approaches emerged as alternatives to purely empirical and positivist methods and contributed to the development of critical and human geography by emphasizing the importance of social structures and human agency. Structuralism originated mainly from the works of Ferdinand de Saussure in linguistics and was later developed by scholars such as Claude Lévi-Strauss, Louis Althusser, and Michel Foucault. It argues that human activities and social phenomena are governed by underlying structures that are often invisible but determine patterns of behavior and relationships. These structures consist of systems of rules, values, institutions, and social relations that shape individual actions. According to structuralism, individuals do not act entirely independently; rather, their choices are influenced by broader social, economic, political, and cultural