Disaster risk refers to the potential loss of life, injury, damage to property, disruption of economic activities, environmental degradation, and social instability that may occur due to the interaction between hazards, exposure, vulnerability, and the capacity of individuals or communities to cope with adverse events. Disaster risk is not determined solely by the occurrence of natural hazards such as earthquakes, floods, cyclones, droughts, or landslides. It also depends on how exposed people and assets are, how vulnerable they are to damage, and how effectively they can prepare for, respond to, and recover from disasters. Therefore, disaster risk is dynamic and changes over time due to environmental, social, economic, and political factors. Disaster risk is commonly expressed as a combination of hazard, exposure, vulnerability, and capacity. Hazards are potentially damaging physical events or human-induced incidents. Exposure refers to the presence of people, infrastructure, livelihoods, and ecosystems in hazard-prone areas. Vulnerability is the susceptibility of these exposed elements to suffer harm because of physical, social, economic, or environmental conditions. Capacity includes the strengths, resources, and abilities available within a community or institution to reduce disaster impacts and recover effectively. Risk drivers are the underlying conditions and processes that increase disaster risk over time. These drivers often develop gradually and may remain unnoticed until a disaster occurs. One of the major risk drivers is rapid and unplanned urbanization. As cities expand without proper planning, settlements often develop in floodplains, coastal areas, steep slopes, or other hazard-prone locations. Poor-quality housing,