Civil society organisations (CSOs) play a vital role in participatory disaster risk assessment and risk reduction by acting as a bridge between communities, governments, scientific institutions, and development agencies. They promote inclusive, community-based approaches that recognize local knowledge, ensure the participation of vulnerable groups, and strengthen resilience against natural and human-induced hazards. Their involvement enhances the effectiveness, transparency, and sustainability of disaster risk management. One of the primary roles of CSOs is mobilising community participation in identifying hazards, vulnerabilities, and capacities. Through village meetings, focus group discussions, participatory rural appraisal (PRA), and social mapping, they encourage local people to analyse the risks they face. Community members possess valuable knowledge about historical disasters, environmental changes, and traditional coping mechanisms, which enrich formal risk assessments. CSOs facilitate vulnerability assessments by identifying groups that are most at risk, including women, children, the elderly, persons with disabilities, indigenous communities, migrants, and economically disadvantaged households. They ensure that these groups actively participate in decision-making rather than