Mainstreaming disaster risk reduction (DRR) refers to the integration of disaster risk considerations into development planning, policies, programmes, and decision-making processes. It aims to reduce vulnerability and exposure to hazards by ensuring that disaster risks are considered in all sectors such as infrastructure, environment, governance, education, and community development. In the context of disaster vulnerability and risk assessment, mainstreaming DRR involves identifying risks, understanding vulnerabilities, and implementing measures that enhance resilience. These measures are broadly classified into structural and non-structural measures. Structural measures involve physical constructions and engineering solutions designed to reduce the impact of disasters. These measures are based on scientific assessment of hazards, vulnerability patterns, and risk levels of a particular area. In earthquake-prone regions, structural measures include the construction of earthquake-resistant buildings, retrofitting of old structures, and enforcement of safe building designs. In flood-prone areas, measures such as embankments, drainage systems, flood barriers, and improved water