The Hardy-Weinberg Law is a fundamental principle of population genetics that explains the relationship between gene frequencies and genotype frequencies in a population. It states that, in a sufficiently large, randomly mating population, the frequencies of alleles and genotypes remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary forces. Thus, if a population is not affected by mutation, migration, natural selection, genetic drift, or non-random mating, its genetic composition remains in equilibrium. Suppose a gene has two alleles, A and a, with frequencies p and q respectively. Since there are only two alleles, p + q = 1. According to the Hardy-Weinberg principle, the frequencies of the three possible genotypes are expressed as: p² + 2pq + q² = 1 Here, p² represents the frequency of homozygous dominant genotype AA, 2pq represents the frequency of heterozygous genotype Aa, and q² represents the frequency of homozygous recessive genotype aa. The law provides a theoretical basis for studying genetic variation in human populations and identifying whether evolutionary changes are