Marxian theory is one of the most influential perspectives in the study of culture and society. Developed primarily by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, it explains society through the lens of historical materialism, emphasizing that the economic structure of society determines its political, legal, and cultural institutions. Marx argued that the mode of production, consisting of productive forces and relations of production, forms the economic base upon which the superstructure of laws, politics, religion, education, and culture is built. Changes in the economic base eventually lead to transformations in the superstructure, resulting in social change. According to Marx, history is the history of class struggle. Throughout different historical periods, society has been divided into classes based on ownership of the means of production. In ancient societies, the conflict existed between masters and slaves; in feudalism, between landlords and serfs; and in capitalism, between the bourgeoisie, who own the means of production, and the proletariat, who sell their labour. This conflict is the driving force behind historical development and social transformation. The concept of historical materialism is central to Marxian theory. Marx rejected the idea that history is shaped by ideas, religion, or great individuals. Instead, he maintained that material conditions, especially economic production, determine the nature of society. Every mode of production contains internal contradictions that eventually create conditions for its replacement by a new system. Thus, capitalism emerged from feudalism and, according to Marx, would ultimately be replaced by socialism and eventually communism. Marx's analysis of