The evolutionary school of anthropology emerged during the nineteenth century and was one of the earliest systematic attempts to explain the origin and development of human society and culture. Influenced by Charles Darwin's theory of biological evolution, early anthropologists such as Edward B. Tylor, Lewis Henry Morgan, James G. Frazer, and Herbert Spencer proposed that all human societies evolve through a series of universal and progressive stages. They believed that cultural differences among societies could be understood by placing them at different points along a single line of development. The evolutionary school played a significant role in establishing anthropology as a scientific discipline, although many of its assumptions have since been challenged. A fundamental premise of the evolutionary school is the concept of unilinear evolution. According to this view, every society progresses through the same sequence of developmental stages, moving from simple to complex forms of social organization. Morgan, for example, divided human history into three broad stages: savagery, barbarism, and civilization. Technological innovations, such as the discovery of fire, pottery, agriculture, and writing, marked transitions between these stages. Another important premise is the belief in cultural progress. Evolutionists assumed that human societies continuously improve over time in terms of technology, political organization, religion, and morality. European industrial societies were considered the highest stage of civilization, while tribal and indigenous communities were regarded as remnants of earlier stages of human development. This assumption reflected the ethnocentric attitudes of nineteenth-century Europe. The evolutionary school also emphasized the psychic unity of mankind. Tylor argued that all human beings possess similar mental capacities, and therefore similar cultural institutions may arise independently