Bronisław Malinowski is regarded as one of the founding figures of modern social anthropology and the chief exponent of functionalism. His contribution transformed the study of culture by emphasizing intensive fieldwork, participant observation, and the understanding of cultural practices from the perspective of the people being studied. His work marked a departure from speculative theories of cultural evolution and diffusion by focusing on the functioning of cultural institutions in contemporary societies. Malinowski developed the theory of functionalism, which argues that every aspect of culture performs a specific function that contributes to the satisfaction of human needs and the maintenance of society. According to him, culture is an integrated system in which all institutions, beliefs, customs, and practices are interconnected. No element of culture exists without purpose; each serves to fulfill biological, psychological, or social needs of individuals. He believed that human beings have certain basic biological needs such as food, shelter, reproduction, safety, and health. To satisfy these needs, societies develop cultural institutions. For example, the family fulfills reproductive and emotional needs, the economy ensures the production and distribution of food and resources, religion provides psychological comfort during uncertainty, and education transmits knowledge and skills to the next generation. Thus, culture is an adaptive mechanism that enables individuals to survive and function effectively within society. Malinowski distinguished between basic needs and derived needs. Basic needs arise directly from human biology, while derived needs emerge from organized social life. Institutions such as political