Climate change has emerged as one of the most critical challenges for human societies and ecosystems, and its influence on agricultural biodiversity is both profound and far-reaching. Agricultural biodiversity, which includes the variety of crops, livestock, soil organisms, pollinators, and genetic resources that support food systems, forms the foundation of global food security and rural livelihoods. However, the changes in temperature, precipitation patterns, frequency of extreme weather events, and atmospheric carbon dioxide levels are exerting immense pressure on this biodiversity, altering ecosystems and threatening the sustainability of agriculture. Understanding the impacts of climate change on agricultural biodiversity requires examining its effects on crop diversity, livestock, fisheries, pollinators, genetic resources, soil organisms, and associated ecosystems, while also recognizing the socio-economic implications for farmers and communities. One of the most visible impacts of climate change on agricultural biodiversity is the shifting patterns of crop distribution. Rising temperatures and changes in rainfall directly affect the growth cycles of crops, with many traditional varieties struggling to adapt to new climatic conditions. Crops that were once suited to particular regions are now facing declining yields, forcing farmers to either switch to different crops or adopt modified varieties. For example, wheat production in semi-arid regions has been significantly affected by prolonged droughts and heatwaves, while rice production in coastal areas is threatened by sea-level rise and salinity intrusion. Such pressures are leading to a gradual decline in local crop diversity, as farmers abandon traditional varieties in favor of a few climate-resilient or commercially viable ones. This erosion of diversity undermines resilience, since a broader gene pool is crucial for adapting to environmental changes. Climate change also affects the nutritional quality of crops, which is another dimension of agricultural biodiversity. Elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide has been shown to reduce the concentrations of essential nutrients like protein, zinc, and iron in staple crops such as rice, wheat, and maize. This nutritional decline is significant because it directly impacts human health, particularly in regions where populations depend heavily on cereals for their daily nutritional intake. The loss of nutrient-rich landraces or traditional varieties further compounds this problem, as they are often replaced by high-yielding but less nutrient-dense cultivars. In the long run, this shift not only reduces dietary diversity but also weakens the agricultural systems’ ability to provide balanced nutrition. Livestock biodiversity is equally vulnerable to