Mountain ecosystems represent some of the most sensitive and fragile environments on the planet, hosting unique biodiversity, providing water resources, and supporting human communities that depend on them for survival. Climate change has begun to alter the delicate balance of these systems, introducing a range of environmental, ecological, and socio-economic consequences. The impacts of rising temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, glacial retreat, and increased frequency of extreme weather events have already become evident in mountainous regions across the world. These effects threaten not only the ecosystems themselves but also the livelihoods of millions of people who rely on the services that these ecosystems provide. One of the most visible impacts of climate change on mountain ecosystems is the accelerated retreat of glaciers. Glaciers serve as natural water reservoirs, slowly releasing meltwater during warmer months to sustain rivers and streams. Due to global warming, glaciers in ranges such as the Himalayas, the Andes, and the Alps are shrinking at unprecedented rates. This retreat has a dual effect: initially, it increases the flow of rivers, causing floods and landslides, but in the long run, it results in reduced water availability. Communities downstream that depend on glacial melt for agriculture, drinking water, and hydropower are thus highly vulnerable. For example, millions of people in South Asia rely on Himalayan glaciers for water, and their shrinkage poses a serious threat to food and energy security in the region. Another critical consequence is the alteration of hydrological cycles in mountain regions. Climate change has shifted rainfall patterns, causing increased rainfall in some areas while reducing precipitation in others. In certain mountain ranges, precipitation that previously fell as snow now falls as rain due to higher temperatures. This disrupts the timing and volume of snowmelt, leading to changes in river flow and water availability. The loss of snowpack not only affects freshwater supply but also reduces the natural albedo effect, where snow and ice reflect solar radiation. With less snow cover, more heat is absorbed by the Earth’s surface, further accelerating warming in these regions. This phenomenon is particularly concerning in the Arctic and sub-Arctic mountain systems, where warming occurs at nearly twice the global average rate. The biodiversity of mountain ecosystems is also under severe threat due to climate change. These ecosystems are home to a wide variety of species that are often highly specialized to specific altitudinal zones and microclimates. As temperatures rise, many