Mountain ecosystems are among the most fragile natural systems on Earth, and they are profoundly affected by climate change. These ecosystems, located at higher altitudes, host unique biodiversity, regulate water cycles, and provide essential resources for both local and global populations. Climate change disrupts these functions by altering temperature, precipitation, snow cover, and glacier dynamics. The impacts of these changes are felt not only by the flora and fauna that inhabit mountain regions but also by the millions of people downstream who depend on mountains for fresh water, food security, and cultural values. Examining the impacts of climate change on mountain ecosystems reveals how deeply interconnected human well-being is with the stability of these fragile landscapes. One of the most visible consequences of climate change in mountain ecosystems is the retreat of glaciers. Rising global temperatures accelerate glacier melt, reducing the ice reserves that act as natural freshwater storage systems. Glaciers in the Himalayas, the Andes, the Alps, and other mountain ranges have been retreating at unprecedented rates. While increased melting initially leads to more water in rivers, the long-term effect is the depletion of these reserves. Communities and entire nations that depend on glacial meltwater for drinking, irrigation, and hydropower face growing risks of water scarcity. The gradual loss of glaciers also destabilizes landscapes, increasing the