Mountain ecosystems are among the most sensitive environments to climate change because of their unique topography, biodiversity, and climatic conditions. These regions act as water towers of the world, hosting glaciers, rivers, and rich biodiversity that sustain millions of people downstream. However, climate change has begun to alter the delicate balance of mountain systems, influencing temperature patterns, precipitation cycles, snow and glacier dynamics, vegetation zones, and human livelihoods. The impacts extend far beyond the mountain regions themselves, affecting global climate regulation, freshwater resources, and food security for both local and distant populations. One of the most visible impacts of climate change on mountain ecosystems is the rapid melting of glaciers. Rising global temperatures have accelerated glacier retreat in the Himalayas, the Andes, the Alps, and other major mountain ranges. Glaciers that took centuries to form are shrinking within decades, reducing long-term water availability for communities that rely on meltwater for drinking, irrigation, and hydropower. Initially, melting glaciers may increase water flows and cause flooding, but in the long run they will lead to water scarcity as the glaciers diminish. This dual impact poses a serious risk to agriculture, energy generation, and the survival of species adapted to glacial environments. Snow cover in mountain regions is also declining due to global warming. Snowpack plays a critical role in regulating seasonal water supplies, acting as a natural reservoir that releases water gradually during warmer months. Reduced snow accumulation disrupts this cycle, leading to earlier snowmelt, unpredictable river flows, and diminished water availability during the dry season. This shift threatens downstream agricultural productivity and hydropower generation. Additionally, declining snow cover undermines winter tourism industries such as skiing and snowboarding, which form a vital part of the mountain economy in regions like the Alps and Rockies. The warming climate is also altering vegetation zones within mountain ecosystems. As temperatures rise, species adapted to cooler environments are forced to migrate upward in search of suitable habitats. Alpine plants, which thrive at high altitudes, face shrinking habitable zones and risk extinction if they cannot adapt quickly. Similarly, forest ecosystems in mountains are shifting, with temperate forests encroaching upon alpine meadows. These changes disrupt ecological interactions, reduce biodiversity, and endanger endemic species that exist only within specific mountain ranges. The loss of biodiversity further undermines ecosystem services such as soil stability, water regulation, and carbon sequestration, which are vital for human well-being. Wildlife in mountain ecosystems is particularly vulnerable to climate change because of their limited adaptability. Species like the snow leopard, mountain goats, and certain bird species rely on specific climatic conditions and habitats. With rising temperatures, their prey base, migration patterns, and breeding cycles are being disturbed. Moreover, invasive species and pests