The Paris Agreement on Climate Change, adopted in December 2015 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), represents a landmark global effort to address climate change through cooperative international action. One of its most defining features is the universal participation it demands from nearly all countries, developed and developing alike. Unlike previous agreements, the Paris Agreement emphasizes inclusive participation where each nation submits its own plans, known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs), to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These NDCs are reviewed every five years, creating a mechanism for progressively enhancing ambition over time. This approach recognizes the principle of “common but differentiated responsibilities,” ensuring that developed nations, historically the largest contributors to emissions, provide financial and technical support to developing countries in their mitigation and adaptation efforts. Another key feature of the Paris Agreement is its long-term goal to limit the global average temperature rise to well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, while pursuing efforts to limit the increase to 1.5 degrees Celsius. This target is informed by scientific research indicating that exceeding 1.5 to 2 degrees Celsius could result in catastrophic climate impacts, including sea-level rise, extreme weather events, and loss of biodiversity. The Agreement also stresses the importance of balancing mitigation with adaptation strategies, emphasizing that countries must not only reduce emissions but also strengthen resilience to climate impacts through national adaptation plans and climate-resilient development strategies. Transparency and accountability are central to the Paris Agreement. It establishes a robust transparency framework requiring countries to monitor, report, and verify their emissions and progress toward their NDCs. This framework encourages consistency and comparability across nations while allowing