Climate change refers to long-term alterations in the average weather patterns of the Earth’s climate system. According to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, climate change can be caused by both natural processes and human activities, though recent warming trends are largely attributed to anthropogenic influences. Natural drivers of climate change have operated throughout Earth’s geological history and continue to influence climatic variability. These natural factors include variations in solar radiation, volcanic activity, orbital changes of the Earth, oceanic circulation patterns, and natural greenhouse gas fluctuations. One of the most important natural drivers of climate change is the variation in solar radiation reaching the Earth’s surface. The Sun is the primary source of energy for the Earth’s climate system, and even small changes in solar output can influence global temperatures. Solar energy varies over different time scales, such as the approximately 11-year solar cycle, during which the number of sunspots increases and decreases. During periods of high sunspot activity, solar radiation slightly increases, leading to a marginal warming effect on Earth. Conversely, reduced solar activity may contribute to cooling trends. Historical climate events, such as the Little Ice Age, have sometimes been associated with lower solar activity, although solar variation alone cannot fully explain major climatic shifts. Volcanic activity is another significant natural factor influencing climate change. When large volcanic eruptions occur, they release enormous quantities of gases and particles into the atmosphere. Volcanic ash and sulphur dioxide can reach the stratosphere and form aerosols that reflect incoming solar radiation back into space. This reflection reduces the amount of heat reaching the Earth’s surface, producing temporary cooling effects. For example, the eruption of Mount Pinatubo in 1991 caused a noticeable global temperature decline for a short period. The cooling effect of volcanic eruptions is usually short-lived because atmospheric particles gradually settle back to the surface through natural processes. Orbital variations of the Earth, also known as Milankovitch cycles, play a crucial role in long-term climate change. These cycles describe changes in the Earth’s orbit and axial orientation relative to the Sun. There are three major components of Milankovitch cycles: eccentricity, obliquity, and precession. Eccentricity refers to the shape of Earth’s orbit around the Sun,