The Paris Agreement on Climate Change, adopted in December 2015 under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), is a landmark international accord aimed at combating climate change and limiting global warming. One of its most notable features is its universal applicability, as it involves commitments from nearly all countries worldwide, both developed and developing. Unlike previous agreements, the Paris Agreement emphasizes a bottom-up approach, where countries themselves determine their national contributions to reducing greenhouse gas emissions, known as Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs). This flexible structure allows countries to tailor their commitments based on their economic capacities, development needs, and technological capabilities, promoting inclusivity and global participation. The Agreement sets a long-term goal of keeping the increase in global average temperature well below 2 degrees Celsius above pre-industrial levels, while pursuing efforts to limit the temperature rise to 1.5 degrees Celsius. This target reflects scientific consensus on the threshold beyond which climate impacts, such as extreme weather events, sea-level rise, and biodiversity loss, become significantly more severe. The Paris Agreement also incorporates a principle of progression, ensuring that countries’ climate actions become increasingly ambitious over time. Parties are required to submit updated NDCs every five years, demonstrating an upward trajectory in their mitigation commitments, fostering continuous global efforts to combat climate change. Transparency and accountability form a