Desertification is the process by which fertile land in arid, semi-arid, and dry sub-humid regions gradually loses its productivity and becomes degraded, barren, and desert-like. It does not mean that a true desert suddenly expands into nearby areas, but rather that land capable of supporting vegetation, farming, and human life becomes less productive due to climatic variations and human activities. Desertification is one of the major environmental challenges linked with climate change, food insecurity, poverty, and biodiversity loss. It affects millions of people across Africa, Asia, Latin America, and parts of Europe. One of the main causes of desertification is climate change. Rising global temperatures increase evaporation and reduce soil moisture. Changes in rainfall patterns lead to prolonged droughts, irregular monsoons, and water scarcity. When rainfall decreases over a long period, vegetation cover weakens and the soil becomes dry and fragile. Such land is more vulnerable to wind and water erosion. Deforestation is another important cause. Trees and shrubs help bind the soil, retain moisture, and maintain local climate balance. When forests are cut for fuelwood, agriculture, or urban expansion, the protective cover of land is removed.