The ozone layer is a thin protective layer of ozone (O₃) molecules located in the stratosphere, approximately 15 to 35 kilometers above the Earth's surface. It plays a critical role in shielding life on Earth from the harmful effects of the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation, particularly UV-B rays, which are capable of causing serious damage to living organisms. Ozone is formed naturally in the stratosphere through a series of photochemical reactions involving molecular oxygen (O₂) and ultraviolet light. In this process, O₂ absorbs high-energy UV-C radiation, splitting into individual oxygen atoms, which then combine with other O₂ molecules to form ozone. This dynamic process of ozone formation and destruction maintains a delicate balance that ensures the stratosphere contains sufficient ozone to filter out the majority of harmful UV radiation. However, human activities over the past several decades have significantly disrupted this balance, leading to ozone layer depletion, which has profound implications for the biosphere. Ozone layer depletion refers to the thinning and reduction of ozone concentration in the stratosphere due to the release of certain anthropogenic chemicals. The most significant of these are chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), halons, carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform. These compounds were widely used in refrigeration, air conditioning, aerosol propellants, and industrial solvents. When these chemicals reach the stratosphere, they undergo photodissociation due to UV radiation, releasing chlorine and bromine atoms. These halogen atoms act as catalysts in ozone destruction, converting ozone molecules into oxygen molecules in a chain reaction. Remarkably, a single chlorine atom can destroy thousands of ozone molecules before being deactivated, making these compounds extremely potent in depleting the ozone layer. Other factors contributing to ozone depletion include nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural activities and certain chemical reactions that occur naturally but are intensified by human activity. The seasonal occurrence of ozone holes, most prominently observed over Antarctica, is a visible manifestation of this depletion, caused by a combination of extremely low temperatures and the presence of chlorine and bromine compounds that accelerate ozone destruction. The impact of ozone layer depletion on the biosphere is extensive and multifaceted. One of the most immediate consequences is an increase in the levels of UV-B radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Elevated UV-B radiation has several harmful effects on human health. It increases the risk of skin cancers, including melanoma and non-melanoma types, and accelerates skin aging. UV-B exposure also causes cataracts