Landslides are the downward movement of rock, soil, and debris under the influence of gravity. They are among the most destructive geomorphic hazards, especially in mountainous and hilly regions such as the Himalayas, Western Ghats, and North-Eastern India. Landslides are triggered by a combination of natural and human-induced factors and often result in significant loss of life, property, and environmental resources. The causes of landslides can be broadly classified into natural and anthropogenic factors. Natural causes include intense or prolonged rainfall, which saturates soil and reduces its shear strength, making slopes unstable. Earthquakes generate ground vibrations that dislodge rocks and loosen slope materials, particularly in tectonically active regions. Volcanic eruptions, weathering of rocks, freeze-thaw action in cold climates, and river or coastal erosion at the base of slopes also contribute to slope failures. Geological conditions such as steep slope gradients, weak rock formations, highly fractured rocks, and unfavourable bedding planes further increase susceptibility to landslides. Human activities have considerably intensified the occurrence of landslides. Deforestation removes vegetation cover that binds the soil through root systems, thereby reducing slope stability. Unscientific road construction, mining, quarrying, tunnelling, and hill cutting disturb the natural balance of slopes. Rapid urbanization in fragile hill regions, construction of buildings without proper geotechnical investigations, and poor drainage systems enhance the infiltration of water into slopes. Climate change has also emerged as an important factor, as it