The Western theory of translation has evolved through centuries of linguistic, literary, and cultural studies, emphasizing the faithful transfer of meaning from the source language to the target language. Western translation theory mainly focuses on the relationship between source text and target text, accuracy of meaning, and the role of the translator as a mediator of communication. Early Western translation thought was influenced by classical scholars such as Cicero and Horace, who distinguished between “word-for-word” translation and “sense-for-sense” translation. Cicero advocated translating meaning rather than adhering strictly to individual words, as literal translation often distorts natural expression in the target language. During the