Nanopore DNA sequencing is a third-generation sequencing technology that enables the direct analysis of DNA and RNA molecules without the need for extensive amplification or chemical labeling. It is based on the principle of measuring changes in ionic current as individual nucleic acid molecules pass through a nanoscale pore embedded in a synthetic membrane. This technology has transformed genomic research by providing real-time sequencing, ultra-long read lengths, and portability, making it suitable for applications ranging from laboratory research to field-based diagnostics. The central component of nanopore sequencing is the nanopore, a tiny biological or synthetic protein channel that is inserted into an electrically resistant membrane. When an electric potential is applied across the membrane, ions flow through the nanopore, producing a stable electrical current. As a single-stranded DNA molecule passes through the pore, each group of nucleotides partially blocks the pore and alters the ionic current in a characteristic manner. These current changes are continuously measured and recorded by highly sensitive electronic sensors. Before sequencing begins, genomic DNA is extracted from the sample and prepared by attaching specialized adapter molecules to its ends. A motor protein is also attached to regulate the movement of the DNA through the nanopore. The motor protein unwinds double-stranded DNA and feeds one strand through the nanopore at a controlled speed. This regulated movement ensures that the electrical signals corresponding to different nucleotide combinations can be accurately detected. The electrical signals generated during sequencing are processed by sophisticated computational algorithms. These algorithms perform a process known as base calling, where the observed current patterns are translated into the corresponding nucleotide sequence of adenine (A), thymine (T), cytosine