Mitigation measures in disaster management refer to the actions and strategies adopted to reduce the adverse impacts of disasters on human lives, property, infrastructure, and the environment. Unlike response measures that focus on dealing with disasters after they occur, mitigation aims to prevent disasters from causing severe damage by addressing risks and vulnerabilities in advance. Effective mitigation helps communities become safer, more resilient, and better prepared to face natural and human-induced hazards. Structural mitigation measures involve physical constructions and engineering solutions designed to withstand disaster impacts. These include building earthquake-resistant structures, constructing flood protection systems such as dams, embankments, and drainage networks, strengthening coastal defenses against storms and tsunamis, and developing fire-resistant buildings. Proper land-use planning and enforcing building codes ensure that infrastructure is developed in safer locations and can withstand potential hazards. Retrofitting old buildings, bridges, and critical facilities