Human adaptation to the environment refers to the process through which people adjust their lifestyles, technologies, economic activities, and cultural practices to suit the physical conditions of their surroundings. It is one of the fundamental concepts of human geography because it explains the dynamic relationship between humans and nature. Unlike other living organisms that rely mainly on biological adaptation, humans possess the ability to adapt through culture, innovation, social organization, and technological advancement. The environment includes physical features such as climate, landforms, soils, water bodies, vegetation, and natural resources. These factors influence human settlement, occupations, food habits, clothing, housing, and transportation. Human adaptation is therefore a continuous process that enables societies to survive and prosper under varying environmental conditions. It also demonstrates that while nature influences human activities, humans actively modify and utilize their surroundings according to their needs and capabilities. Climate is one of the most important determinants of human adaptation. In hot desert regions, people wear loose and light-colored clothing to reduce heat absorption and construct thick-walled houses with small windows to maintain cooler indoor temperatures. Water conservation techniques such as rainwater harvesting and underground storage systems are widely practiced. In contrast, people living in polar regions wear insulated clothing made from animal fur or modern synthetic materials, build well-insulated houses, and depend on hunting, fishing, or imported goods for survival in extremely cold conditions. Adaptation to landforms is equally significant. Mountainous regions often have scattered settlements because of steep slopes and difficult terrain.