Occupation, in the context of International Humanitarian Law (IHL), refers to the effective control of a territory by a foreign power without the consent of the sovereign authority. It is characterized by the presence of the occupying power’s military forces and the assumption of authority over the administration, law enforcement, and governance of the occupied territory. Occupation does not transfer sovereignty, but it imposes legal responsibilities on the occupier to maintain order, ensure public life continues, and protect the rights and welfare of the civilian population under its control. The laws of occupation are primarily codified in the Hague Regulations of 1907 and the Fourth Geneva Convention of 1949, which establish obligations for the occupying power while safeguarding human rights and fundamental protections for civilians. During occupation, individuals who are deprived of their liberty—such as prisoners, detainees, or internees—are entitled to specific protections under IHL. These