Cyberspace has become an integral part of modern life, supporting communication, commerce, governance, and critical infrastructure. However, its rapid expansion has also led to a wide range of security issues that threaten individuals, organizations, and nations. One of the most common security issues is unauthorized access, often carried out through hacking. Hackers exploit vulnerabilities in systems, networks, or applications to gain access to sensitive information. Weak passwords, outdated software, and poor access controls are frequent causes that allow attackers to infiltrate systems and compromise data. Another major concern is malware, which includes viruses, worms, trojans, ransomware, and spyware. Malware is designed to disrupt, damage, or gain unauthorized access to computer systems. Ransomware, in particular, has become highly prevalent, encrypting users’ data and demanding payment for its release. Such attacks can paralyze businesses, hospitals, and government institutions, leading to severe financial and operational consequences. Spyware, on the other hand, secretly monitors user activities and collects personal information, often without the user’s knowledge. Phishing attacks are also among the most widespread cybersecurity threats. In these attacks, cybercriminals impersonate legitimate entities such as banks, companies, or government agencies to trick individuals into revealing sensitive information like passwords, credit card details,