Urban heat island (UHI) effect is a phenomenon where urban areas experience significantly higher temperatures than their surrounding rural regions. This temperature difference arises due to a combination of human activities, alterations in land surfaces, and modifications in energy balance within urban environments. The primary causes of the UHI effect include the replacement of natural vegetation with impervious surfaces such as asphalt, concrete, and buildings. These materials have higher heat capacities and lower albedo, causing them to absorb and retain more solar radiation during the day and release it slowly at night. Consequently, urban areas remain warmer even after sunset compared to rural regions, which can cool rapidly due to the presence of vegetation and soil that facilitate heat dissipation. Another contributing factor is anthropogenic heat release, which originates from vehicles, industrial processes, air conditioning systems, and other energy-consuming activities. The continuous emission of heat from these sources compounds the warming effect in cities. Urban geometry also plays a role; the dense arrangement of tall buildings, narrow streets, and reduced open spaces creates urban canyons that trap heat, limit airflow, and reduce the efficiency of natural cooling processes such as convection and radiative heat loss. The scarcity of vegetation further exacerbates the situation by reducing shading and the cooling effects of evapotranspiration, which are natural mechanisms through which plants release moisture and lower ambient temperatures. Atmospheric pollution, including greenhouse gases and particulate matter, intensifies the urban heat island effect. Pollutants trap long-wave radiation and prevent it from escaping into the atmosphere, effectively acting as an insulating layer over urban landscapes. This not only elevates local temperatures but also contributes to broader climate change impacts. Furthermore, water bodies within cities are often limited or heavily modified, reducing their ability to act as thermal buffers. Surfaces like roads and rooftops absorb solar energy but provide little opportunity for cooling through evaporation, unlike lakes, ponds, or vegetated areas. The mechanism of UHI involves the interplay between surface energy balance, heat storage, and airflow dynamics. During the day, solar radiation heats urban surfaces, and a significant portion of this energy is stored in construction materials rather than being reflected or dissipated. At night, this stored heat is gradually released, maintaining higher urban temperatures. Reduced wind speeds in densely built areas further inhibit heat dispersion, while the lack of moisture and vegetation limits evaporative cooling. This combination of factors results in the persistent elevation of temperature in urban zones relative to their rural counterparts, creating distinct thermal patterns