Question
मशीनी अनुवाद की संकल्पना स्पष्ट करते हुए मशीनी अनुवाद की प्रक्रिया एवं विधियों की चर्चा कीजिए
Answer :
Word Count : 1380
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मशीनी अनुवाद आधुनिक तकनीक और भाषा-विज्ञान के समन्वय से विकसित अनुवाद की एक महत्त्वपूर्ण पद्धति है। इसमें कंप्यूटर तथा अन्य डिजिटल प्रणालियों की सहायता से एक प्राकृतिक भाषा में उपलब्ध सामग्री को दूसरी प्राकृतिक भाषा में अनूदित किया जाता है। सामान्य अनुवाद में अनुवादक स्रोत भाषा के पाठ को समझकर उसके अर्थ, भाव, संदर्भ और शैली को लक्ष्य भाषा में प्रस्तुत करता है, जबकि मशीनी अनुवाद में यह कार्य किसी सॉफ्टवेयर, कंप्यूटर प्रोग्राम या कृत्रिम बुद्धिमत्ता आधारित प्रणाली द्वारा स्वचालित अथवा अर्ध-स्वचालित रूप से किया जाता है। उदाहरण के लिए, हिंदी से अंग्रेजी, अंग्रेजी से हिंदी, बंगला से हिंदी या तमिल से हिंदी में किसी वाक्य का कंप्यूटर प्रणाली द्वारा रूपांतरण मशीनी अनुवाद कहलाता है। भारतीय भाषाओं के संदर्भ में मशीनी अनुवाद का महत्त्व इसलिए और अधिक है क्योंकि भारत में अनेक भाषाएँ, बोलियाँ और लिपियाँ प्रचलित हैं तथा इनके बीच ज्ञान, साहित्य, प्रशासन और संचार का आदान-प्रदान आवश्यक है। मशीनी अनुवाद की संकल्पना मूलतः इस विचार पर आधारित है कि भाषा के व्याकरण, शब्दावली, वाक्य-विन्यास और अर्थ-संबंधी नियमों को कंप्यूटर द्वारा संसाधित किया जा सकता है। कंप्यूटर स्रोत भाषा के पाठ को इनपुट के रूप में ग्रहण करता है, उसका भाषिक विश्लेषण करता है, उपयुक्त शब्दों एवं संरचनाओं का चयन करता है और फिर लक्ष्य भाषा के व्याकरण तथा वाक्य-विन्यास के अनुसार अनूदित पाठ तैयार करता है। प्रारंभिक मशीनी अनुवाद प्रणालियाँ मुख्यतः शब्द-दर-शब्द अनुवाद और पूर्वनिर्धारित व्याकरणिक नियमों पर आधारित थीं। वर्तमान समय में सांख्यिकीय मशीनी अनुवाद तथा न्यूरल मशीनी अनुवाद जैसी तकनीकों ने इसे अधिक प्रभावी बनाया है। मशीनी अनुवाद की प्रक्रिया कई चरणों में पूरी होती है। सबसे पहले स्रोत भाषा के पाठ को कंप्यूटर प्रणाली में इनपुट के रूप में दिया जाता है। इसके बाद पाठ का पूर्व-संसाधन किया जाता है। इसमें वाक्यों का विभाजन, शब्दों की पहचान, विराम-चिह्नों का निर्धारण तथा आवश्यकतानुसार शब्दों के सामान्यीकरण जैसे कार्य किए जाते
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