Question
प्रकृति के आधार पर अनुवाद के विभिन्न प्रकारों का सोदाहरण वर्णन कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1532
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अनुवाद एक ऐसी भाषिक प्रक्रिया है जिसके माध्यम से किसी एक भाषा में व्यक्त विचारों, भावों, सूचनाओं, अनुभवों और ज्ञान को दूसरी भाषा में इस प्रकार प्रस्तुत किया जाता है कि मूल कथ्य का अर्थ और प्रभाव यथासंभव सुरक्षित रहे। अनुवाद केवल शब्दों को एक भाषा से दूसरी भाषा में बदलने का कार्य नहीं है, बल्कि यह दो भाषाओं, संस्कृतियों और अभिव्यक्ति-परंपराओं के बीच संवाद स्थापित करता है। अनुवाद की प्रकृति एक जैसी नहीं होती। विषय, उद्देश्य, मूल पाठ की शैली, पाठक-वर्ग तथा अनुवादक की भूमिका के आधार पर अनुवाद के विभिन्न प्रकार निर्धारित किए जाते हैं। प्रकृति के आधार पर अनुवाद के प्रमुख प्रकार हैं—शाब्दिक अनुवाद, भावानुवाद, छायानुवाद, सारानुवाद, व्याख्यानुवाद, रूपांतरण या रूपानुवाद, आशुवाद तथा स्वतंत्र अनुवाद। शाब्दिक अनुवाद में मूल भाषा के शब्दों और वाक्य-संरचना को यथासंभव दूसरी भाषा में उसी क्रम और अर्थ के साथ प्रस्तुत करने का प्रयास किया जाता है। इसमें अनुवादक मूल पाठ के शब्दों के निकट रहता है और अपनी ओर से बहुत अधिक परिवर्तन नहीं करता। तकनीकी, वैज्ञानिक तथा प्रशासनिक सामग्री में शाब्दिक अनुवाद उपयोगी हो सकता है, क्योंकि वहाँ मूल अर्थ की सटीकता अधिक महत्त्वपूर्ण होती है। उदाहरण के लिए अंग्रेजी वाक्य “The sun rises in the east.” का हिंदी अनुवाद “सूर्य पूर्व में उगता है।” होगा। इसी प्रकार “Water is essential for life.” का अनुवाद “जल जीवन के लिए आवश्यक है।” किया जा सकता है। किंतु साहित्यिक रचनाओं में अत्यधिक शाब्दिकता कई बार भाषा को कृत्रिम बना देती है। मुहावरों और लोकोक्तियों का शाब्दिक अनुवाद विशेष रूप से अर्थहीन हो सकता है। जैसे “It is raining cats and dogs.” का शाब्दिक अनुवाद “बिल्लियाँ और कुत्ते बरस रहे हैं” होगा, जो हिंदी में अर्थपूर्ण नहीं है। इसका भावानुकूल रूप “मूसलाधार बारिश हो रही है” होगा। भावानुवाद में मूल पाठ के शब्दों की अपेक्षा उसके भाव, आशय और अर्थ को अधिक महत्त्व दिया जाता है। अनुवादक मूल लेखक के विचार और भाव को लक्ष्य भाषा में स्वाभाविक ढंग से प्रस्तुत करता है। इसमें शब्दों और वाक्य-संरचना में आवश्यक परिवर्तन किया जा सकता है, लेकिन मूल संदेश सुरक्षित रहता है। साहित्यिक अनुवाद में भावानुवाद की विशेष उपयोगिता है। उदाहरण के लिए “He has a heart
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