Question
आपदा जोखिम वित्त, बीमा और जोखिम हस्तांतरण आपदाओं के आर्थिक प्रभावों के प्रबंधन के लिए आवश्यक वित्तीय कार्यनीतियाँ हैं।” जाँच कीजिए।
Answer :
Word Count : 1519
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आपदा केवल मानवीय जीवन और पर्यावरण को ही प्रभावित नहीं करती, बल्कि राष्ट्रीय और स्थानीय अर्थव्यवस्था पर भी गहरा प्रभाव डालती है। भूकंप, बाढ़, चक्रवात, सूखा, भूस्खलन, सुनामी तथा महामारी जैसी आपदाएँ सार्वजनिक अवसंरचना, कृषि, उद्योग, व्यापार और आजीविका को व्यापक क्षति पहुँचाती हैं। ऐसी परिस्थितियों में केवल राहत एवं पुनर्वास पर्याप्त नहीं होते, बल्कि आपदाओं से उत्पन्न आर्थिक जोखिमों का पूर्व नियोजित वित्तीय प्रबंधन भी आवश्यक होता है। इसी आवश्यकता की पूर्ति के लिए आपदा जोखिम वित्त (Disaster Risk Finance), बीमा (Insurance) तथा जोखिम हस्तांतरण (Risk Transfer) जैसी वित्तीय कार्यनीतियाँ विकसित की गई हैं। इनका उद्देश्य आपदा के बाद शीघ्र वित्तीय संसाधन उपलब्ध कराना, आर्थिक स्थिरता बनाए रखना तथा पुनर्निर्माण की प्रक्रिया को गति देना है। आपदा जोखिम वित्त से आशय ऐसी वित्तीय योजनाओं एवं व्यवस्थाओं से है जिनके माध्यम से सरकारें, निजी संस्थाएँ, समुदाय तथा व्यक्ति संभावित आपदाओं के आर्थिक प्रभावों का पूर्वानुमान लगाकर उनके लिए आवश्यक वित्तीय संसाधनों की व्यवस्था करते हैं। इसका मूल उद्देश्य आपदा के समय धन की कमी के कारण राहत एवं पुनर्वास कार्यों में विलंब न हो तथा विकास की प्रक्रिया बाधित न हो। यह पूर्व-आपदा और पश्च-आपदा दोनों प्रकार की वित्तीय रणनीतियों को सम्मिलित करता है। पूर्व-आपदा वित्तीय रणनीतियों में आकस्मिक निधियों का निर्माण, बजटीय प्रावधान, बीमा योजनाएँ, आपदा राहत कोष, जोखिम मूल्यांकन तथा वित्तीय आरक्षित निधियाँ सम्मिलित होती हैं। वहीं पश्च-आपदा रणनीतियों में आपातकालीन ऋण, अंतरराष्ट्रीय सहायता, पुनर्निर्माण अनुदान, राहत पैकेज तथा विशेष वित्तीय सहायता शामिल होती है। भारत में राष्ट्रीय आपदा प्रतिक्रिया कोष (NDRF) तथा राज्य आपदा प्रतिक्रिया कोष (SDRF) आपदा जोखिम वित्त के प्रमुख उदाहरण हैं। इनके माध्यम से राज्यों को त्वरित वित्तीय सहायता उपलब्ध कराई जाती है जिससे राहत एवं पुनर्वास कार्यों को शीघ्र प्रारंभ किया जा सके। बीमा आपदा जोखिम वित्त का अत्यंत महत्वपूर्ण अंग है। बीमा व्यवस्था के अंतर्गत व्यक्ति, व्यवसाय, उद्योग अथवा सरकार नियमित प्रीमियम का भुगतान करते हैं और आपदा की स्थिति में उन्हें हुए आर्थिक नुकसान की भरपाई बीमा कंपनी द्वारा निर्धारित शर्तों के अनुसार की जाती है। बीमा जोखिम को अनेक लोगों के बीच बाँट देता है, जिससे किसी एक व्यक्ति या संस्था पर अत्यधिक आर्थिक बोझ नहीं पड़ता। कृषि बीमा
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