Urbanization is the process by which populations shift from rural areas to urban centers, leading to the growth and expansion of towns and cities. It is driven by economic opportunities, industrialization, modernization, and improvements in infrastructure that cities tend to offer. Urbanization has historically been linked with economic progress, as cities become hubs of commerce, innovation, and social development. However, this process also comes with a set of complex challenges that affect sustainable development and the quality of life for urban populations. The rapid pace of urbanization in the 20th and 21st centuries, particularly in developing countries, has made it a subject of intense study and concern for policymakers, planners, and scholars interested in sustainable development and smart city solutions. Urbanization is often seen as a natural consequence of modernization. With technological advancement, industrial growth, and globalization, cities attract large numbers of people seeking employment, better education, healthcare facilities, and improved living standards. Migration to cities is fueled by the belief that urban areas offer better opportunities compared to rural regions. However, while urbanization can bring economic benefits, it also generates serious problems if it occurs in an unplanned or uncontrolled manner. The challenges of urbanization encompass environmental, social, and economic dimensions, and addressing them is central to the idea of sustainable cities. One of the foremost challenges of urbanization is the pressure it exerts on housing and infrastructure. Rapid population growth in cities often leads to housing shortages, forcing large segments of the population into informal settlements or slums. These areas usually lack basic amenities such as clean water, sanitation, electricity, and proper waste management systems. Inadequate housing conditions not only diminish the quality of life but also