Urbanization refers to the process by which an increasing proportion of a population migrates from rural areas to urban areas, leading to the growth and expansion of cities and towns. This phenomenon is often driven by the search for better employment opportunities, access to education, healthcare facilities, and improved standards of living. Urbanization is a significant aspect of economic development, as cities serve as hubs for industry, commerce, culture, and governance. However, while urbanization brings opportunities for growth and modernization, it also presents numerous challenges that impact social, economic, and environmental sustainability. One of the primary issues of urbanization is the rapid and often unplanned expansion of cities, resulting in overcrowding. Urban areas frequently struggle to provide adequate housing, leading to the proliferation of informal settlements and slums. These settlements typically lack basic amenities such as clean water, sanitation, electricity, and waste management, creating conditions that are conducive to the spread of diseases and poor public health outcomes. Overcrowding also puts immense pressure on existing infrastructure, causing traffic congestion, inadequate public transportation, and frequent power shortages. Another significant challenge of urbanization is environmental degradation. The growth of urban areas often comes at the expense of natural ecosystems, leading to deforestation, loss of green spaces, and the destruction of wetlands. The concentration of industries and vehicles in urban areas contributes to air and water pollution, noise pollution, and the urban heat island effect, which raises local temperatures and exacerbates energy consumption. Improper waste disposal and insufficient sewage treatment can contaminate water bodies, impacting both human health and biodiversity. Urbanization also accelerates the consumption of resources such as water, energy, and construction materials, raising concerns about resource depletion and long-term sustainability. Social inequality is another pressing issue linked to urbanization. As cities expand, the gap between affluent and marginalized communities often widens. Wealthier neighborhoods may enjoy high-quality infrastructure, healthcare, education, and recreational facilities, while poorer areas suffer from neglect and limited access to essential services. This spatial segregation can foster social tensions, increase crime rates, and reduce the overall