Technological determinism refers to the idea that technology is the primary driving force behind social, cultural, economic, and political change. According to this perspective, the development and adoption of technologies shape human behavior, social structures, patterns of communication, and even ways of thinking, often in a direct and inevitable manner. In the field of Communication and Media Studies, technological determinism has been influential in explaining how new media technologies transform communication processes, social relations, and cultural forms. The theory suggests that once a technology is introduced, it follows its own logic of development and compels society to adapt to it, leaving little room for human agency or social context in shaping outcomes. One of the earliest and most influential proponents of technological determinism in communication theory was Marshall McLuhan. His famous assertion that “the medium is the message” emphasized that the form of a medium has a greater impact on society than the content it carries. McLuhan argued that different communication technologies, such as print, radio, television, and electronic media, restructure human perception and social organization. For example, he claimed that the invention of the printing press led to linear thinking, individualism, and nationalism, while electronic media fostered simultaneity, global interconnectedness, and what he termed the “global village.” In this sense, technology was seen as an autonomous force that reshapes society in profound ways. Similarly, other technological determinists have argued that media technologies determine patterns of communication and social interaction. The rise of mass media has been associated with changes in political participation, cultural consumption, and public opinion formation. In contemporary contexts, digital technologies such as the internet, social media, and artificial intelligence are often described in deterministic terms, with claims that they inevitably democratize communication, transform identities, disrupt traditional institutions, and redefine power relations. From this perspective, social change appears as a direct consequence of technological innovation rather than the result of complex social processes. However, technological determinism has been widely criticized within Communication and Media Studies for oversimplifying the relationship between technology and society. One of the most important arguments against the theory is that it ignores human agency and social choice. Critics argue that technologies do not emerge or operate independently of human intentions, values, and decisions. Instead, they are designed, developed, adopted, and used within specific social, economic, political, and cultural contexts. People and institutions make choices about which technologies to develop, how to regulate them, and how to integrate them into everyday life. Therefore, technology cannot be seen as an autonomous force that unilaterally determines social outcomes. Another major criticism is that technological determinism neglects the role of social, cultural, and economic factors in shaping technological development. Scholars associated with the social construction of technology argue that technological forms and uses are influenced by power relations, class interests,