Switching techniques are methods used in computer networks to transfer data from a source device to a destination device through one or more intermediate communication nodes. In a large network, it is not practical to establish a direct physical connection between every pair of devices. Switching allows network devices to share communication links and helps in delivering data efficiently to the intended destination. A switch or switching system receives data, determines the appropriate path, and forwards the data toward its destination. The major switching techniques used in communication networks are circuit switching, message switching, and packet switching. Among these, circuit switching and packet switching are widely used and provide an important basis for understanding modern communication networks. Circuit Switching Circuit switching is a switching technique in which a dedicated communication path is established between the sender and receiver