Electronic publishing, or e-publishing, refers to the creation, storage, distribution and reading of information in digital form through computers, the internet and other electronic devices. Its evolution is closely associated with the development of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs). It has transformed traditional publishing by making information faster to produce, distribute, access and update. The early stage of e-publishing emerged with the development of computers and digital data storage. During the 1960s and 1970s, large volumes of textual information began to be stored electronically. Databases, electronic indexes and computer-readable documents were increasingly used by libraries, research institutions and academic organizations. The development of optical storage media such as CD-ROMs in the 1980s further expanded electronic publishing. Encyclopaedias, dictionaries, educational materials and reference works could be distributed digitally. The growth of the Internet during the 1990s brought a major change in e-publishing. Publishers began creating websites and distributing newspapers, journals, magazines and books online. Electronic journals became particularly important in education and research because users could access scholarly information from distant locations. The emergence of the World Wide Web made digital publishing more interactive and accessible. Portable Document Format (PDF) also became widely used for distributing electronic documents while preserving their original formatting. During the 2000s, e-books and digital libraries expanded rapidly. E-readers, smartphones, tablets and improved internet connectivity made it possible for users to