Sustainable urbanisation refers to the process of planning, developing, and managing urban areas in a manner that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It aims to balance economic growth, social equity, and environmental protection while ensuring a high quality of life for urban residents. With rapid urbanisation across the world, especially in developing countries, sustainable urbanisation has become an essential objective of urban geography and planning. Urbanisation has led to significant economic opportunities through industrialisation, service-sector growth, innovation, and improved access to education and healthcare. However, it has also resulted in problems such as overcrowding, housing shortages, traffic congestion, environmental degradation, air and water pollution, waste accumulation, urban flooding, and the expansion of slums. Sustainable urbanisation seeks to address these challenges through integrated planning and efficient resource management. One of the key principles of sustainable urbanisation is compact and planned urban growth. Compact cities encourage mixed land use, high-density development, and efficient public transport systems, thereby reducing urban sprawl and conserving agricultural land and forests. Figure 1: Concept of Sustainable Urbanisation ``` Sustainable Urbanisation │ ┌────────────────┼────────────────┐ │ │ │ Economic Social Equity Environmental Development Protection