The sphere of influence of a city refers to the geographical area surrounding an urban centre over which the city exerts economic, social, cultural, administrative, and political influence. It is the region from which the city attracts people for employment, education, healthcare, trade, transportation, and various specialized services. The concept is fundamental in urban geography because cities do not function in isolation; they serve as central places providing goods and services to the surrounding rural and urban settlements. The extent of a city's sphere of influence depends upon its size, functional importance, accessibility, and the availability of services. The sphere of influence is determined by the interaction between the city and its hinterland. The hinterland supplies agricultural products, raw materials, labour, and consumers, while the city provides manufactured goods, administrative functions, educational institutions, medical facilities, financial services, and markets. This reciprocal relationship creates strong spatial linkages that define the city's area of dominance. The size of the sphere of influence varies according to the hierarchy of cities. Small towns generally have a limited sphere of influence, serving nearby villages with basic services such as retail markets, primary healthcare, and elementary education. Medium-sized cities provide higher-order functions, including