Communication is a systematic process through which information, ideas, feelings, opinions, and instructions are exchanged between two or more people. In managing human resources, effective communication is essential because managers have to coordinate employees, provide instructions, resolve conflicts, motivate workers, and achieve organisational objectives. The communication process consists of several interrelated elements. The first element is the sender. The sender is the person who initiates the communication. In an organisation, the sender may be a manager, supervisor, HR executive, or employee. The sender has an idea, information, instruction, or feeling that needs to be communicated to another person. The second element is the idea or message. The message is the information, thought, opinion, instruction, or feeling that the sender wants to convey. In human resource management, a message may relate to work responsibilities, company policies, performance expectations, salary, training programmes, leave rules, or employee welfare. The third element is encoding. Encoding means converting the sender’s ideas into understandable symbols, words, gestures, or other forms. For example, a manager may convert an idea about improving employee performance into written instructions, a speech, an email, or a presentation. Effective encoding