IGNOU MCH 23 2026 - Reverse osmosis (Pg.25, Block 2)- water moves through semipermea

Question

Reverse osmosis (Pg.25, Block 2)- water moves through semipermeable membrane
leaving the dissolved ions behind ……………(Margin remark)
(b) JTU- Jackson turbidity unit
NTU-Nephelometric turbidity unit (2)
(c) 1pmm=1 milligram ∕ kilogram
= 10-3
g ∕ line (1)
(d) Sulphates in water systems originate from the oxidation of sulphide ores and their
dissolution.
2Fe S2+H2O+15 [0] → Fe2(SO4)3+H2SO4
FeS2+7[0]+H2O→ FeSO4+H2SO4
2FeSO4+H2SO4+[0]→ Fe (SO4)3+H2O (3)
(3) The portion of hardness that disappears after prolonged boiling is called temporary hardness
and is mainly due to bicarbonates. O2 boiling CaCO3 or Mg CO3 is obtained as a
precipitate along with the evolution of CO2

31 Jul 2026

Answer :

Word Count : 648

Reverse osmosis is one of the most efficient methods of water purification and desalination. It is based on the principle that when pressure greater than the osmotic pressure is applied to a concentrated solution, water molecules are forced through a semipermeable membrane while dissolved salts, ions, organic substances, bacteria, and other impurities are retained on the opposite side. In natural osmosis, water moves from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a semipermeable membrane until equilibrium is achieved. In reverse osmosis, this natural process is reversed by applying external pressure. The semipermeable membrane allows only water molecules to pass while leaving dissolved ions behind. Reverse osmosis is widely used for producing drinking water from seawater, removing dissolved solids from industrial wastewater, and providing ultrapure water for pharmaceutical, laboratory, and electronic industries. Its major advantages include high removal efficiency, low chemical requirement, and excellent water quality, although membrane fouling and energy consumption are important limitations. Turbidity is an important physical parameter that indicates the cloudiness of water caused by suspended particles such as clay, silt, organic matter, microorganisms, and industrial wastes. It affects the aesthetic quality of water and reduces light penetration, thereby influencing aquatic ecosystems. Turbidity is measured using different units. JTU stands for Jackson Turbidity Unit, which is based on the Jackson candle turbidimeter method. In this method, turbidity is determined by observing the visibility of a candle flame through a water column. It is suitable for measuring relatively high turbidity. NTU stands for

____ ___ ______ _________ ____ ________.
_____ __________ ____ ___ _________.
_____ __________ _______ ____ ______ ________.
________ _______ ___ _____ _______.
______ ______ ________ __________ ____ ______ ____.
___ _________ _______ _____ ______ ____ _____ _______ ____ ________ ________.
___ _____ ____ ______ ____ ____ ______ _____ ____ _________ ____ ___.
___ _____ _________ ____ _____ ______ _______ ____ _______.
_____ _________ _______ __________ ________ ________ ______ _________.
_______ ____ ________ _______ ________.
_____ ____ _____ ________ ____ _________ _________ _____ _______ ______ ___ ___.
_______ _______ ________ ___ ________ _________ _________ _____ ________.
_________ ____ _____ ___ _____ ______ ____ __________.
________ ____ ___ __________ __________ ________ ________ ___ ______.
______ ___ ___ ___ ____ ___.
___ __________ _________ ________ _________ _____ ______ ________ ______.
_______ _____ ____ ____ _________.
______ ____ _________ ______ __________ _________ _________ _______ _________.
_______ ________ ___ ___ ______ __________ _________.
_________ _________ _______ ____ ________.
__________ _______ __________ _________ ____.
_______ _________ _______ ___ ________ ________ ___ _________ _________ _______ _________.
___ ___ __________ ___ _________ _____ ______.
__________ _________ ________ ________ _________ _______.
________ _____ ___ _______ ___ ___ _________.
_____ __________ ___ ___ ________ _______.
___ _________ _______ _____ ______ ______ ____ __________ ________ _____ ______ _______.
___ ______ _____ _________ ___ _______ ____ ___ _____.
__________ ____ _______ ______ _______ ___ _______ ______.
_________ _______ _____ __________ ____ _______ _______ _________ _________ ______.
__________ _________ ___ ______ ______ _________ ____ _________ _________ ____ _________.
_______ ____ ________ ________ __________ _________.
_____ _________ ________ _________ ____ ______ ______.
________ _________ ___ ______ _____ ____ ________ ______ ____ _______.
___ __________ ______ __________ _________.
______ _________ ______ _____ _________ ________ _______ ________ __________.
_________ _____ ________ _____ ________.
_____ ____ _________ __________ _________ ______ ___.
_________ _______ ___ ______ _____ _______ ________ ___ ______ __________ ________ ______.
________ __________ __________ ________ _________ ___ _________.
__________ __________ ________ _______ _______ ________ _____ _______ _____ _____.
_________ ________ _____ ___ ___ ______ _______ ____ ________ ____ ____ ______.
_____ _____ ______ ______ _______ _______ ____ ________ ____ ____ _________.
__________ ________ ______ ___ _____.
_____ __________ ___ _____ _______ _______ _____ ______ ____.
_______ _________ ________ _________ _______ ____ __________ _______ _____ _________.
_______ _______ _____ __________ ____ ______ __________ _________ _______.
_________ ____ _________ ________ _______ ________ ____ ________ ___.
_____ _______ _________ ___ ________ _________ ____.
_______ _____ ____ __________ ____ _______ _______.

IGNOU ACADEMY

Your IGNOU journey, made easier.

Solved Assignments
Study Notes
Guess Papers
Question Papers

Call Us WhatsApp

STUDY • PREPARE • SUCCEED

Skip in 10

IGNOU Solved Assignments Assignments Ignou Projects Project Previous Year Solved Exam Papers Notes Notes Sample Question Papers Sample Question Papers