Parent material is the passive soil-forming factor that refers to the original geological material from which soil develops. It acts as the primary source of minerals and elements present in the soil and plays an important role in determining the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of soil. In environmental chemistry, understanding parent material is essential because it influences soil composition, nutrient availability, pollutant behavior, and ecosystem functioning. Parent materials are derived from the weathering of rocks, sediments, and organic deposits. The process of soil formation begins when physical, chemical, and biological weathering breaks down the parent material into smaller particles. These particles gradually undergo transformations and combine with organic matter, water, and living organisms to form a mature soil profile. The nature of the parent material determines the rate of soil development and the properties of the resulting soil. The chemical composition of parent material strongly affects soil fertility. Rocks rich in minerals such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus produce soils with higher nutrient content. For example, basaltic parent