Peasantry refers to a social category of people primarily engaged in agriculture, cultivating land through family labour and depending on farming for their livelihood. In human ecology, peasantry is understood as a dynamic relationship between human populations, their biological needs, cultural practices, and the natural environment. Peasant societies have historically represented one of the most widespread forms of human adaptation to ecological conditions, combining subsistence production with market-oriented activities while maintaining close ties with land, water, forests, and livestock. Anthropologists such as Robert Redfield, Eric Wolf, and Alexander Chayanov have made significant contributions to the study of peasantry. Redfield described peasants as "part societies with part cultures," existing between isolated tribal communities and complex urban civilizations. They maintain their own traditions while remaining economically and politically linked to larger state systems. Eric Wolf emphasized that peasants are rural cultivators whose surplus production is appropriated by dominant groups such as landlords, merchants, or the state through rent, taxes, or other obligations. Chayanov highlighted the family-based nature of peasant production, arguing that peasant households balance labour and consumption rather than aiming solely at profit maximization. From a biological perspective, peasantry reflects human adaptation to diverse ecological environments. Agricultural practices are shaped by climate, soil fertility, rainfall, altitude, and the availability of water resources. Peasants select crops, domesticate animals, and develop farming techniques suited to local ecological conditions. Human nutritional patterns, health, physical activity, and demographic characteristics are closely linked to agricultural production. Seasonal variations influence workload, disease patterns, reproductive behaviour,