Ecology and disease are closely interconnected because the health of human populations is influenced by the interaction between organisms and their physical, biological, and socio-cultural environments. Human ecology studies these interactions and explains how ecological conditions shape patterns of disease occurrence, transmission, prevention, and control. Diseases are not merely biological phenomena but are also ecological outcomes resulting from the complex relationship among humans, pathogens, vectors, animals, and the environment. The ecological approach to disease recognizes that every disease occurs within a specific ecosystem. Environmental factors such as climate, vegetation, water availability, soil quality, altitude, and biodiversity influence the survival and spread of pathogens and vectors. Changes in these ecological conditions can alter disease distribution, intensity, and frequency. For example, malaria is closely associated with warm temperatures, stagnant water, and the presence of Anopheles mosquitoes, making it more prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions. Human adaptation to different ecological settings also influences disease patterns. Populations living in forests, deserts, mountains, coastal areas, or urban environments face distinct health risks. Forest-dwelling communities may be exposed to zoonotic diseases transmitted from wild animals, while coastal populations may experience water-borne diseases due to flooding and poor sanitation. Mountain