Human ecology is the scientific study of the relationship between human beings and their physical, biological, social, and cultural environments. It examines how humans adapt to environmental conditions and, at the same time, modify their surroundings through technology, culture, economy, and social organization. Unlike the ecology of other species, human ecology recognizes that human adaptation is influenced not only by biological factors but also by cultural innovations, beliefs, institutions, and technological developments. It is therefore an interdisciplinary field that combines insights from anthropology, biology, geography, sociology, and environmental sciences to understand the dynamic interaction between humans and their ecosystems. The concept of human ecology emerged from ecological studies in biology and was later developed by social scientists to explain the interaction between human societies and their environments. Human beings depend on natural resources such as land, water, forests, and minerals for survival, but they also transform these resources through agriculture, industry, urbanization, and technological advancement. Human ecology studies these reciprocal relationships and seeks to understand the consequences of environmental adaptation and environmental change. Anthropology has a close and inseparable relationship with human ecology because anthropology is the comprehensive study of humans in biological, cultural, social, and evolutionary contexts. Human ecology provides anthropology with a framework to examine how environmental factors influence human evolution, cultural development, and patterns of social organization. At the same time, anthropology contributes to human ecology by demonstrating that human responses to environmental challenges are mediated through culture rather than determined solely by biological instincts. Biological anthropology particularly benefits from human ecology by