Birth rate and death rate are two fundamental demographic indicators that determine the size, structure, and dynamics of human populations. In the study of Human Ecology: Biological and Cultural Dimensions, these rates are examined not merely as statistical measures but as outcomes of the interaction between biological processes, cultural practices, environmental conditions, technological development, and socio-economic factors. Together, they influence population growth, resource utilization, health patterns, and ecological balance. The birth rate refers to the number of live births occurring per 1,000 people in a population during a year. It reflects the reproductive behavior of a population and is influenced by biological factors such as fertility, fecundity, age at marriage, and reproductive health. However, cultural and social variables often play an even greater role. Religious beliefs, customs related to marriage and family size, educational attainment, economic conditions, gender roles, and access to contraception significantly affect birth rates. In many traditional societies, large families are