Human adaptation to hot and cold environments is a classic topic in human ecology that demonstrates the interaction between biological evolution, physiological responses, cultural practices, and technological innovations. Human beings have occupied almost every climatic region of the world, from the scorching deserts of Africa and Arabia to the freezing Arctic and high mountain regions. This remarkable adaptability is the result of both inherited biological traits and culturally developed strategies. Adaptation to hot environments involves several physiological, morphological, and behavioral mechanisms that help maintain body temperature within normal limits. The human body maintains thermal balance primarily through sweating and evaporation. Sweat glands become highly active in hot climates, allowing heat to dissipate through evaporative cooling. Increased blood flow to the skin also facilitates heat loss by radiation and convection. Individuals living in hot environments often develop greater sweating efficiency, producing sweat earlier and with reduced salt concentration, thereby preventing dehydration and conserving electrolytes. Morphological adaptations to hot climates have been explained through Bergmann’s and Allen’s ecological rules. According to Bergmann’s rule, populations in hot regions tend to have relatively smaller and leaner bodies, increasing the surface area relative to body mass and promoting heat dissipation. Allen’s rule states that longer limbs are advantageous in hot climates because they enhance heat loss. Many tropical populations exhibit these