Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a unique form of genetic material found within the mitochondria, the energy-producing organelles of human cells. Unlike nuclear DNA, which is inherited from both parents, mtDNA is transmitted almost exclusively through the maternal line. This distinctive pattern of inheritance has made mtDNA an important tool for studying biological diversity, human evolution, population history, and patterns of migration among human populations. Mitochondrial DNA is a small, circular genome containing genes essential for mitochondrial function and energy production. Since mitochondria are inherited from the mother, all individuals in a maternal lineage share similar mtDNA sequences. However, small changes or mutations accumulate over generations due to replication errors. These mutations are generally passed from mothers to their offspring and create variations in mtDNA among different populations. The study of these variations helps biological anthropologists understand genetic relationships and evolutionary connections between human groups. One of the major contributions